Social Isolation: A Growing Concern for Every Generation

Key Takeaways

  • Social isolation – defined as the objective lack of (or limited) social contact with others – has reached historic heights in every age group.
  • As far back as we can measure, average social isolation has consistently risen with age.
  • However, recent trends – including effects stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic – indicate an especially sharp rise in social isolation among younger age groups.
  • Combatting the threat of social isolation will require outreach efforts and investments to increase opportunities for social connection in every generation.

Social isolation – defined as the objective lack of (or limited) social contact with others1 – has long been viewed as a pressing concern for older adults. Decades of data show that social isolation rises steadily with age; however, a deep dive into recent trends reveals troubling developments in younger age groups, including significant increases in isolation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings demonstrate that social isolation is an increasingly universal challenge and represent a call to action for initiatives which promote increased social contact for members of every generation.

An extensive body of research on social isolation exists; however, approaches to measuring isolation and related concepts (e.g., loneliness) vary widely.2 In this article, we use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to examine the average amount of time spent alone over the course of a day during 2010-2021.3 This is a common metric for quantifying social isolation in populations, as it provides a nationally representative, objective measure of interpersonal contact which can be tracked over time.

In 2010, average social isolation was lowest among those ages 15-24, who spent 28 percent of their time alone, on average. This percentage rose steadily with age, including particularly significant increases beyond age 44. Individuals age 65-plus were far more isolated than any other age group, with the average person in this range spending 53.6 percent of their time alone. As staggering as this latter value is, social isolation in the 65-plus population rose very little between 2010 and 2019. In contrast, average social isolation rose markedly among younger age groups during the same period, including a seven percentage-point increase for people ages 15-24. 

The most surprising finding shown above relates to growth in social isolation after 2019. Contrary to the common narrative that older adults were more susceptible to increased isolation during the pandemic, we find that the average percentage of time spent alone increased the most for people under age 35 between 2019 and 2021. In contrast, the average person over age 55 experienced a comparatively mild increase in social isolation over the same period, although this likely reflects the fact that social isolation was already very high in this group prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and consequently had limited capacity for additional growth. In any event, prevailing trends during 2010-2021 have created an environment in which all age groups exhibit high levels of social isolation.

A lack of in-person interaction is not necessarily a negative outcome for any specific individual, and there is no established threshold for how much time a person should spend alone. Similarly, one’s level of isolation says nothing about the quality or their social interactions, and individuals experiencing little-to-no social isolation are not immune to problems such as loneliness. However, there is strong evidence that higher average social isolation is correlated with negative health and wellbeing outcomes in populations. For example, survey results from 2021 indicate that individuals who report greater social isolation also tend to have lower life satisfaction and poorer general health. In fact, the average person who reported having poor general health in 2021 spent 54.6 percent of their time alone, 13 percentage points greater than the average person who reported having excellent general health. Similarly, individuals reporting the highest level of life satisfaction are also the least isolated, on average.

For as far back as we can measure, people age 65-plus have faced higher average social isolation than their younger counterparts. However, recent trends show that the youngest age groups are increasingly at risk. These findings strongly agree with recent research, including a May 2023 advisory from the surgeon general, which characterizes isolation and loneliness as an epidemic in the United States. Combatting these trends will require widespread outreach efforts aimed at identifying isolation and increasing opportunities for social interaction at every age. AARP has been at the forefront of this field for years; for example, AARP Foundation’s “Connect 2 Affect” tool helps individuals assess their level of isolation and find resources in their area to improve social connectedness. Similarly, AARP’s Fun & Fulfillment initiative includes a range of programs designed to increase social engagement among older adults. AARP has also completed research identifying additional practical steps, such as the development of standardized screening tools for tracking social isolation in individuals (e.g., during annual wellness visits). In the wake of a devastating pandemic, efforts such as these recognize the diverse set of people experiencing high levels of isolation and offer solutions that promote greater social interaction at any age.


  1. This definition comes from Box 6.1 (pg.108) of Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System (https://doi.org/10.17226/25663). This book was produced by The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by The National Academies Press in 2020.
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  2.  Chapter 6 of Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System (https://doi.org/10.17226/25663) provides a useful review of approaches to measuring social isolation. The metrics discussed in this chapter vary widely in their subjectivity, as well as the underlying concept of social isolation used. The measure used in our analysis emphasizes the objective level of one’s social interaction; as such, it is consistent with the National Academies’ definition of social isolation and conceptually linked to measures such as the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index. ↩︎
  3. Our specific measure of social isolation is the fraction of one’s time spent alone during a 24-hour period, excluding time spent on “personal care activities,” which includes sleeping and personal activities like grooming. We also exclude time that is not fully coded in the data (e.g., time during which the respondent cannot recall if they were alone). For example, if an ATUS survey respondent spent eight hours sleeping and one hour on other personal care activities during their time diary day, then they would have 15 remaining hours that might be spent alone or with others. If this respondent spends six of those hours alone, then we record them as having spent 6/15 = 40 percent of their time alone. This metric is very similar to measures used in recent work by Pew Research, working papers such as Atalay (2022), as well as peer-reviewed academic studies such as Kannan and Veazie (2023).
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Five Minutes With Monoswita Saha, Global Employee Engagement Leader for CSR, Kyndryl

For this installment of 5 Minutes With, NationSwell sat down with Monoswita Saha, Global Employee Engagement Leader for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Kyndryl, to discuss the launch of the new Kyndryl Foundation, why a young company decided to start a foundation so early in its journey, and the unique ways a career in cybersecurity can drive equity and progress.

Here’s what she had to say.

Anthony Smith, Editor at Large, NationSwell: Congratulations on the launch! What does this moment mean for Kyndryl as an organization?

Monoswita Saha, Global Employee Engagement Leader for CSR + Kyndryl Foundation Adviser, Kyndryl: The Kyndryl Foundation launch means a lot to us. Kyndryl is a new company — we’re barely two years old. It’s a pretty significant endeavor to launch a foundation within such a short period of operation. When we were weighing the decision to launch, it really came down to our commitment to power progress — a kind of progress that extends out to the communities where our employees live and work, allowing us to drive meaningful and systemic impact at scale.

The Kyndryl Foundation announcement comes on the heels of our recent Corporate Citizenship Report release and further expands our purpose-driven work to be at the heart of progress.

Smith, NationSwell: It’s uncommon for a company to launch a foundation so early in its journey. Where did you and your team turn for insights on what to do and what to avoid?

Saha, Kyndryl: We knew that this isn’t something a lot of companies do, and our research confirmed that. As we looked at other successful foundations, we didn’t find many similar reference points or success stories.

The foundation is an extension of Kyndryl’s commitment to improving the world around us. As a purpose-driven company, we made early commitments to operate at the heart of progress, where innovation, environmental stewardship and social impact converge. Even though we’re a young company on a growth journey, we’re also a company that’s really devoted to its people and communities. We want to create a legacy that drives business growth and accountability for long-term societal impact. With the foundation, we took a bold step in that direction.

Smith, NationSwell: What’s exciting to you about the grants you’re looking to make?

Saha, Kyndryl: What’s exciting for me is our focus. I think corporations have a responsibility to foster empowerment, especially economic empowerment. Technology and data have to be protected, and yet we see examples every day of data breaches and technological insecurities. Organizations that are unable to prepare for this growing challenge are especially vulnerable.

It’s no surprise that cybersecurity is growing so rapidly, and no one can question its increasing importance to our day-to-day life. But alongside that growth, it’s also a field that has real career trajectories.


That’s exciting because Kyndryl now gets to play a role in empowering both organizations and individuals.  We hope that the Kyndryl Foundation can make a positive impact as we address the shortage of skilled cybersecurity resources and help organizations protect themselves from cyberattacks.

Smith, NationSwell: A year from now, what are you hoping to be celebrating? What milestones are you looking to cross?

Saha, Kyndryl: At a very basic level, without knowing who the grantees are, if we can see that more trained individuals are entering the cybersecurity space who would not otherwise be, I would call that a marker of success. If we see nonprofits sharing data that they have successfully thwarted cyber-attacks as a result of training they received that was grant-enabled, those are all markers of success.

Ultimately, we want to support and empower individuals and communities who might not have access to this space without some sort of other intervention.

Smith, NationSwell: What’s inspiring you right now?

Saha, Kyndryl: Everyday inspiration is very close to home. I’m inspired by those stories of resilience, especially stories about people who might be invisible or just are not going to make the headlines. To me, that’s really inspiring because that is what makes up the social fabric of everyday life. As a person and as a professional, I feel like my work focuses more on these everyday stories of resilience, optimism, triumph, and overcoming things to fully participate in society and the economy.

My biggest inspiration are figures like my great-grandmother, who would not make a headline but lived through immense political, personal, and geographical upheaval, which you read about in textbooks. Stories like hers are really inspiring because it’s an average person achieving outsized outcomes while living in what we might look at as a very traditionally prescribed role. But when I peel back the layers, I see a very radical person with an incredible journey. That’s very inspiring to me.


Monoswita Saha is part of Kyndryl as the Global Employee Engagement Leader for CSR + Kyndryl Foundation Adviser. Learn more about the Kyndryl Foundation launch.

Marguerite Casey Foundation Partners With NationSwell for Author Series Centering Radical, Transformative Luminaries

To advance its vision for a society that prioritizes the needs of excluded and underrepresented people, Marguerite Casey Foundation (MCF) has partnered with NationSwell, an executive membership and advisory firm, on the MCF Book Club: Reading for a Liberated Future, a quarterly event series promoting authors from historically marginalized populations whose work centers radical, regenerative, and transformative approaches to community-building.

“Stories are the foundation for a liberated future,” Dr. Carmen Rojas, President & CEO of Marguerite Casey Foundation, said. “They have the power to redress historic failings, lift and illuminate the marginalized, and show us all that the path to a more just world can only be found if we expand our search past our backyards and our board rooms. We’re honored to partner with NationSwell and showcase these dynamic writers and the profound stories they’re telling.”

In fireside chats curated by MCF Book Club and organized by NationSwell, Dr. Rojas will interview each author in front of the organizations’ shared audience of field-builders, thought leaders, impact investors, philanthropic grantmakers, elected officials, and heads of social impact and sustainability at some of the nation’s largest private sector companies. 

The series partnership will kick off in early December with “Invisible No More: Voices from Native America,” a book talk celebrating and centering Native American luminaries who are leading through cultural-grounding and nation-building in community, environmental, and economic justice. 

“It’s with deep gratitude that we have the opportunity to partner with Dr. Rojas and Marguerite Casey Foundation on this author series,” Chloe Lew, SVP of Strategic Partnerships & Innovation at NationSwell, said of the partnership. “Their standard-bearing work on funding organizing movements has been a rising tide that has lifted not just philanthropy, but all social impact and sustainability work that has historically decentered the needs and voices of the communities they’re actually trying to reach, and the authors they’ve curated for these talks represent some of our favorite books in the NationSwell Library.” Learn more about the series partnership and how you can attend these conversations here.

Marguerite Casey Foundation is an institutional member of NationSwell. Learn more about MCF here, and NationSwell institutional membership here. RSVP here.

NationSwell Fellows Program: Empowering Young Leaders to Reach New Heights

NationSwell is thrilled to launch the second year of its fellowship, NationSwell Fellows, sponsored by Cerberus, Service Now, and American Family Insurance Institute for Corporate and Social Impact. The NS Fellows program empowers young impact leaders to build and sharpen their skills, grow their network, and develop a project that meaningfully contributes to their social or environmental focus area.

This year’s young leaders are not only incredibly passionate about their work, but they are remarkably intentional about intersectionality, and have already made outstanding strides in their areas of focus. NationSwell is honored to announce the thirteen leaders who were chosen to be this year’s Fellows: Jorge Alvarez, Alex Ang, Srinithya Gillipelli, Maddox Guerilla, Charles Hua, Ericka Kamanou-Tenta, Jennifer Lee, Katherine Owojori, Nitya Ravriprakash, Maya Salameh, Maya Siegel, Elizabeth Swanson-Andi, Guiying (Angel) Zhong. This extraordinary group of innovators focus their work on a wide variety of impact issues including mental health access & awareness, climate justice, tech and data for good, disability rights, racial justice, LGBTQIA+ rights, and more. We are eager to see what these groundbreakers are going to accomplish over the course of the Fellowship! Meet this year’s Fellows:

JORGE ALVAREZ

Mental Health Activist, Social Impact Strategist, & Creator

As a social impact strategist, Jorge takes a community-centered and intersectional approach to his work around youth mental health, ensuring solutions are culturally sensitive and acknowledge the ways in which mental health is connected to other social and health issues.

ALEX ANG

Content creator & mental health advocate

Her work focuses on making mental health awareness more accessible, particularly for BIPOC youth, through storytelling. She creates social media content that’s culturally inclusive and digestible, hosts her own podcast, “a is for anxious”, and sits on the youth advisory board of the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) where she helps create programming and advises on youth mental health initiatives.

NITHYA GILLIPELLI

Health equity advocate & medical student

Nithya is a medical student who is dedicated to understanding interventions that can be used to improve healthcare access and equity in resource-limited settings. She has years of experience working under experts on research within this realm, leading global health student groups, and studying language as a barrier to healthcare.  She hopes to focus on mixed-methods studies and implementation science to address health equity on a global scale.

MADDOX GUERILLA

Visionary & advocate for trans & queer youth mental health & youth homelessness

A firm believer in protopia or the idea that we create the future we want a little at a time everyday, Maddox does just this through his work which has driven change for you experiencing homelessness in NYC. Currently, as a Senior Consultant for Point Source Youth, Maddox connects communities with Direct Cash Pilots.

CHARLES HUA

Nationally recognized clean energy & environmental justice advocate

As a recent graduate of Harvard College, his work in sustainability spans back to high school where he organized a campaign that successfully petitioned his school district to become the largest district in the U.S. (at that time) to commit 100% to renewable energy. Since then, he has become a published thought leader on climate and energy issues and serves on the Board of Directors for several environmental nonprofits. For his work in climate and environmental justice, he has been selected by the White House as a 2018 U.S. Presidential Scholar, by the Aspen Institute as a Future Climate Leader, by GreenBiz as an Emerging Leader, and as an Energy News Network 40 Under 40 honoree. 

ERICKA KAMANOU-TENTA

Social Entrepreneur & Pan-African Advocate 

Ericka is determined to create a Pan-African movement to help African young adults, on the continent and in the Diaspora, see themselves as leaders and change-makers through entrepreneurship. As a graduating Senior at NYU, she is also the Co-Founder of the early-stage venture IVG Ghana which has a mission to decolonize minds and business models in Black communities. 

JENNIFER LEE

Founder & disability rights activist 

An incoming Juris Doctor candidate at Harvard Law and founder and executive director of the Asian Americans with Disabilities Initiative (AADI), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit amplifying the voices of disabled Asian Americans nationwide, Jennifer is on a mission to center the disabled experience in order to forge change.

KATHERINE OWOJORI

Anti-racist educator & community organizer

Katherine works to interrogate, challenge, and dismantle harmful systems and narratives that impact BIPOC communities. With a focus on anti-racist education, civil rights, intersectional movement building and more, she hopes to implement institutional change in policy, media, education and beyond.

NITYA RAVRIPRAKASH

Data Scientist for equitable opportunities 

She is passionate about using data ethically to combat disparities, and currently works as a data science manager and her research focuses around how some AI models actually promote more equitable outcomes in hiring and credit lending for marginalized communities.

MAYA SALAMEH

Arab American mental health advocate & data analyst

Maya Salameh works at the intersection of data analysis and social impact at VIVA Social Impact, where she leads data strategy for public agencies working to improve underserved Californians’ access to care services. She is particularly interested in Arab American mental health, and hopes to use the Fellowship to develop a project focused on queer Arab Americans’ experiences with mental health care.

MAYA SIEGEL

Advocate for people & the planet

Maya’s work centers storytelling and aims to build a more sustainable equitable future. She is the Social Editor at Feminist, the largest (6M+ followers on Instagram) women-owned media platform for women, girls, and gender-expansive people and the co-founder of Stories of Consent, an organization devoted to community-based consent education that shares stories of affirmative consent.

ELIZABETH SWANSON-ANDI

Storyteller & Indigenous rights & climate justice advocate

She utilizes storytelling through social media and filmmaking to inspire hope in her community and drive changes that will protect her forest home and the planet as a whole. Elizabeth is of the Napu Kichwa People (Venecia Derecha community member) from the Ecuadorian Amazon, who are on the front lines of fighting food and water insecurity, land invasions/loss, deforestation, cultural loss, climate disaster, and contamination of rivers. Through experience within Indigenous territories in the Amazon, a vast international perspective, and intersectional lens she addresses socio-environmental challenges and builds solutions serving as President of Iyarina Center for Learning, Impact Storyteller at If Not Us Then Who?, and co-founder of the Youth Collective in Defense of the Amazon Rainforest.

GUIYING (ANGEL) ZHONG

Mental health equity scholar-activist

Angel is focused on decreasing racial and gender disparities in mental health access and care-seeking. Much of Angel’s research focuses on how intergenerational trauma affects the AAPI community when it comes to reaching out for mental health services, and she is currently a Research Analyst at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Health Disparities Research.

Place-Based Impact in Practice: 36 hours in Tulsa with NationSwell and George Kaiser Family Foundation

On the evening of October 18th, black clouds of starlings wheeled overhead as the NationSwell team made its way to meet a group of partners and leaders in downtown Tulsa. The group had gathered as part of our Place-Based Impact Collaborative for an immersive, 1.5-day experience designed to explore how community-centered investment and strategic partnerships are working in concert to give new strength to Tulsa. 

The insights and best practices we gathered from GKFF’s approach — and from the experts in attendance — were many, and can better enable communities nationwide to thrive. Although it’s impossible to accurately capture and convey the profound experience of being on the ground in Tulsa, our hope is that this piece can shed some light on what it was like to come together and learn with an incredible group of leaders and inspire you as you strengthen your own community-centered, place-based work.

Day One

The day began with a tour at Greenwood Rising to hear the vital stories at the core of Tulsa’s history and identity: the impact the Trail of Tears, the systems of anti-Blackness that fomented the Race Massacre of 1921, and the cultural reverberations of both eras that are still being felt throughout the city. Despite the violence dotting its past, Tulsa and its residents have persisted — deepening their sense of community and establishing a rich sense of place and culture that makes the city vibrant and unique.

That night, we joined our hosts from George Kaiser Family Foundation for a welcome reception at a speakeasy in the city’s Deco District. After an evening of warm conversation, introductions, and getting to know one another better as we prepared for the next day, Aaron Miller — head of partnerships at inTulsa — announced that he would lead a group by bus to celebrate the city’s popular Oktoberfest, currently in its 44th year. Jonathan Pride, executive director at NPower, announced that he planned to lead a competing group to the same location via the city’s widely-available Lime scooters.

Day Two

East Tulsa


After a quick pit stop for breakfast on Thursday morning, our group set out by bus for East Tulsa, where white flight and the attendant infrastructural divestment have created unlikely opportunities for the city’s growing immigrant population. 

Cynthia Jasso — a program officer on the Vibrant and Inclusive Tulsa team — explained that East Tulsa has become a community hub, learning center, and worker community for newly-arrived immigrants, more than 1,100 of whom arrive at the Plaza Santa Cecilia from Mexico by bus each week. While organizations like Growing Together have done grassroots outreach to meet residents where they are — helping to expand access to vaccines and make PPP loan applications easier for local businesses owners — they ultimately found that there was an overwhelming need for a centralized community hub where people could get the help that they needed. Plaza Santa Cecilia has become that epicenter — a place for the community to gather, relax, take classes, shop, or even acquire permits.


The plaza features beautiful murals, restaurants, and a nightclub, and has become a major source of community pride and belonging — a critical metric of success for place-based investment. 

North Tulsa


Our next stop was in North Tulsa, where attendees heard from Pastor Philip Abode of Crossover Community Impact and Crossover Bible Church. A former University of Tulsa football player and current high school football coach, Abode’s passion for coaching youth eventually catalyzed an even deeper relationship to mentorship in the city: he now serves as executive director of Crossover Preparatory Academy, which oversees several private middle schools throughout the city.

A majority-Black neighborhood, Tulsa’s north corridor is currently the site of major community development efforts, including a planned 500-unit, mixed-income housing project and new contracts with high-quality, high-paying manufacturing jobs at companies that agree to recruit from within the neighborhood (and nearby Tulsa Technology Center). 

Kendall Whittier


As the bright sun continued to warm up the day, we visited Kendall Whittier Park — located in Tulsa’s historic Kendall Whittier neighborhood — where we learned more about how a mixed-income neighborhood trust has helped  provide stable, affordable housing, and how partners like Growing Together and Tulsa Educare have created educational opportunities and green spaces where children and families can grow and thrive. 

We also had the opportunity to tour The Gathering Place, which words alone don’t really do justice. A sprawling 66.5-acre green space nestled against the Arkansas River, The Gathering Place’s pathways were dotted with pumpkins and its playgrounds had names like “Land of the River Giants,” “Fairyland Forest,” and “Volcanoville.” All park activities are free, and guests can help themselves to kayaks and paddle boats, attend concerts on the lawn, and engage with the park’s many educational programs. 


After lunch, we reconvened at Greenwood Cultural Center for a series of panel discussions — first on how to leverage the power of storytelling, and then on how new models of collaboration across the public, private, and philanthropic sectors can help to foster opportunity from the ground up.

During the first panel, Jasmine Dellafosse — Director of Organizing and Community Engagement at EPIC — spoke about the value of telling the stories that run counter to our assumptions. 

“What are the stories we don’t know, and in whose interest is it that we don’t know them?” she asked. 

Panelist Vanessa Garrison — Co-founder and COO of GirlTrek — further emphasized the power storytelling holds in developing a community: deconstructing myths, challenging assumptions and enabling community members to lead change. 

In the second panel, a key insight that surfaced was the recognition that change doesn’t just take a longer grant cycle but can take generations to actualize. The question that emerges, then, is how do we integrate intergenerational change as a metric when measuring impact? 

At the intersection of both of these panels is the emerging understanding that how we measure impact in place-based philanthropy needs to evolve to incorporate more qualitative data, compelling us to reimagine what a thriving community really means.


After a visit to Archer Studios to learn about the Tulsa Artist Fellowship — and a ceramics activity with fellow Raphael Corzo — participants had a few minutes to rest and recharge before coming together for a NationSwell Signature Dinner to reflect on the events and learnings of the day. 

Hosting us for the evening was the team at et al., a collective of chefs working collaboratively to “build a more delicious and equitable future for the food and beverage industry in Tulsa.” Aptly named to reflect the important but often overlooked or unknown people who help to make an ambitious vision into a reality, the symbolism behind et al.’s name and mission had a beautiful symmetry with the focus of our visit to Tulsa — and the patchwork of organizations and solutions we’d witnessed firsthand on the ground there. 


Attendees dove deep into what had inspired and moved them during the course of the meal, which was themed around the idea of breaking bread (as chef Colin Sato explained, “You have now broken bread with Tulsa, and now it’s a part of you”). There was a discussion of some of the central challenges to their own place-based work, with members laying out the approaches, tools, and new opportunities for partnership they were excited to bring back to their own communities. 

Like the chefs in et al.’s culinary collective, our time in Tulsa was distinguished by the patchwork of seemingly disparate, often undersung voices we heard from joining together to create a beautiful and undeniable chorus of solutions. While partners on the ground maintain different focuses in the work that they do and the neighborhoods they serve, everything in Tulsa has a certain harmony to it; the work comes together to hum like a well-oiled machine. As we packed up to leave on Friday, we couldn’t help but think about how this model of community impact — where every voice, program, and initiative happening on the ground is truly greater than the sum of its parts — has the potential to transform not only communities, but the world.

We’re so excited to have plans for more in-person, immersive experiences in the works for the near future. This incredible experience was part of our Place-Based Impact Collaborative. Our Collaborative model is based on the idea that the challenges we face call for collaboration and shared action to achieve the impact we seek on a variety of issue areas. Together, with cross-sector leaders, we illuminate challenges and opportunities in the space and align on action to advance each other’s work, and the field as a whole.

We encourage you to read more about our different Collaboratives and to contact us to get involved if you see one that resonates with you and your work. 


NationSwell Collaboratives are a new initiative convening cross-sector leaders to work in new ways on major issues affecting our lives, our nation, and our world. Learn more about our current offerings here.

Thinking Beyond Prime Working Age

Key Takeaways

  • Labor market policies and employment practices have historically been designed with prime-age workers (i.e., those age 25-54) in mind, yet the economic importance of older workers is growing rapidly.
  • Workers age 55-plus accounted for 22.5 percent of full-time employment in 2022, up from just 10.7 percent in 1992.
  • In 2022, 25.4 percent of labor income was earned by workers age 55 or older, up from just 12.9 percent in 1992.
  • The productivity of America’s workforce depends on developing labor policies and employment practices that meet the needs of every generation.

For decades, labor market policies and employment practices have emphasized the “prime working age” population, which includes people age 25-54. This focus stems from the sheer size of the group and its reliably high labor force participation. In contrast, workers age 55 and older have historically been a much smaller population with lower labor force participation; consequently, their role in the labor force has received comparatively little attention or care. However, unprecedented changes in the workforce have greatly amplified the importance of older workers and underscored a fundamental truth: The future success of America’s workforce depends on developing labor policies and employment practices that meet the needs of every generation.

Workers age 25-54 receive so much attention from policymakers and labor market analysts because they have historically represented a large majority of America’s full-time workforce and accounted for a correspondingly large share of critical economic contributions such as labor income, consumer spending, and tax revenue. Conversely, relatively few full-time workers were age 55 or older just three decades ago. Since then, the U.S. population has aged significantly, and people are increasingly choosing to work later in life. As a result, 22.5 percent of full-time workers were age 55-plus in 2022, up from just 10.7 percent in 1992. This dramatic increase was mostly due to the growing role of workers age 60-plus, a group whose representation in the full-time workforce rose from five percent in 1992 to 12.5 percent in 2022.

As their role in the workforce grows, older workers earn a correspondingly higher share of labor income. The figure below illustrates this by comparing shares of labor income for age groups in 1992 and 2022.1 In 1992, workers under age 55 earned 87.1 percent of labor income, with workers age 55-plus earning the remaining 12.9 percent. By 2022, the share of labor income earned by those age 55-plus had skyrocketed to 25.4 percent, largely because the share earned by workers age 60-plus more than doubled (from 6.2 percent to 14.7 percent). This shift has had far-reaching implications, including a greater reliance on older workers for economic contributions such as consumer spending and tax revenue.

Awareness about the growing role of older workers is rising quickly. For example, a pandemic-driven decline in labor supply among people age 65-plus has contributed to significant and persistent labor shortages in many parts of the workforce. Preventing outcomes like this in the future will require labor policies and employment practices that meet the needs of all workers, regardless of age. Recent work from AARP, including the Living, Learning, and Earning Longer initiative, a report examining the business case for healthy longevity, and extensive research on the Longevity Economy®, highlights this fact and identifies innovations that can build a more age-diverse workforce. Efforts of this kind empower workers of every generation, yielding widespread economic gains for businesses, employees, and society at large.


  1. The income data used in Figure 2 come from the 1993 and 2023 waves of the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), which is administered as part of the March Current Population Survey (CPS). In these data, reported labor income reflects total wage and salary income earned during the prior calendar year. ↩︎

ESG Next: An Interview With Y Analytics’ Maryanne Hancock

At a moment of unprecedented attention, investment, and opportunity for the emerging field of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), leaders are asking: Who is best preparing their organization for the society of the future? Who is innovating today to meet decades-long environmental and social goals? Who is setting standards that catalyze their industry’s change for the better? Who is defining what bold and aspirational look like — and how best to advance that work in practice?

Enter NationSwell’s ESG Next, an exemplary group of investors, executives, authors, philanthropists, social sector leaders, academics, and field builders who are helping to shape business as a force for social and environmental progress, advancing — and even pioneering — the most forward-thinking and effective programs, initiatives, technologies, methodologies, practices, and approaches.

For this installment, NationSwell interviewed Maryanne Hancock, CEO of Y Analytics, about the importance of centering rigor in impact investing, ESG’s “Fearless Girl” moment, and the surprising lessons that impact leaders can learn from an economist and a can of beans.

Greg Behrman, CEO + Founder, NationSwell: Can you tell us how your professional and personal journey led you to this work?

Maryanne Hancock, CEO of Y Analytics: If I ever get asked to share a fun fact about myself, it’s that my parents were clergy before they met, married, and had me.  My father was a priest, and my mother was a nun, and they were both quite active in the social justice movement at large. My father founded programs for kids addicted to drugs during the late sixties and early seventies, a time when such programs were nonexistent. He met people at often vulnerable points in their lives, helping them build new lives. To this day, there are people alive due to the work he did.

My mother, as a nun, took to teaching in historically marginalized communities. This overall milieu of social work wasn’t just a job for them, but a way of life. Because of them, I’ve always believed you really need to stand in awe of the burdens that people carry, as opposed to in judgment. It’s a philosophy that encourages one to honor, assist, and appreciate people facing adversities, and the complexities of the adversities they face.

Originally, I aspired to become a human rights lawyer, pursuing an education in law, especially humanitarian and human rights law. But a detour through McKinsey shifted my journey. While I was there, I maintained a client roster from the private sector, and I engaged with industries I found fascinating, even if they weren’t glamorous — like waste management, logistics, and energy sectors. At the same time, I delved into social sector projects. Interestingly, the attendees at my logistics or waste management meetings hardly ever overlapped with those at my education or poverty alleviation discussions, which gave me the sense that these were inherently distinct swim lanes. But now at Y Analytics, whether it’s a company engaged in the circular economy and waste, or a fin-tech firm operating in Africa, I get to have all these different interests under a singular umbrella as part of my daily routine.

Behrman, NationSwell: How do you make sense of this moment in ESG? What’s the potential and the promise, and where are the pitfalls?

Hancock, Y Analytics: The image that comes to my mind for the moment we are in societally is the Fearless Girl statue — where you’ve got the bull and the little girl standing there, staring him down. The conventional interpretation of the scene is that the charging bull represents unfettered capitalism, or the “old boys club” of Wall Street, and the Fearless Girl symbolizes the pursuit of gender equality – a counterweight to the imposing minotaur with smoke coming out of its nostrils. 

But I think it symbolizes something bigger. To me, the bull represents this vast set of societal issues we grapple with every day – geopolitical unrest, war, climate change, a pandemic…some so big and so powerful that they feel unstoppable or immovable. 

And then, there’s this Fearless Girl, which symbolizes how we feel amidst all these challenges. But here’s the thing I’m left thinking about: while we can’t ignore the enormity of the challenges symbolized by the bull, what I’d love for everyone to do is to look around and realize that there are thousands of Fearless Girls facing them. The pitfall is to believe you are isolated , as if you’re the only Fearless Girl out there, yet what I see every day are thousands and thousands of people embodying that spirit. This includes teachers, nurses, doctors, firefighters, community members, and also Fearless Girl’s physical home in New York’s financial district underscores the role that entrepreneurs, and the millions of people who go to work every day in businesses, play in meeting the moment.

What’s been inspiring to me is witnessing real actions and conversations happening within businesses — conversations that were unimaginable just five years ago. While the collective efforts may not seem enough to combat the metaphorical bull, recognizing and affirming the existence of these millions of Fearless Girls is crucial. We’ll be a better force for good when we acknowledge how strong this collective truly is.

It’s undeniable that social impact and sustainability practitioners are facing headwinds right now, but there are tailwinds, too. And together, these winds are steering us to a zone of quieter, yet more authentic action. The tailwinds are strong, and interestingly, they align well with good business practices. For instance, utilizing lower-cost energy sources that are renewable is smart business. So is offering products that benefit rather than harm people, and implementing employee policies that create a desirable workplace amidst a talent-driven landscape. These factors reinforce the strength of the tailwinds.

On the flip side, the reality of legal repercussions, varying state approaches, the politicization of these issues, and the potential backlash for greenwashing, might lead to a toned-down announcement of new initiatives and commitments. And this quieter approach isn’t necessarily negative. In my view, it’s probably beneficial. The quieter stance doesn’t undermine the solid tailwinds and the consequential actions they encourage.

Behrman, NationSwell: What’s unique about the work you’re leading?

Hancock, Y Analytics: When the Rise Fund began in 2016, it aimed to accomplish a few objectives. One was to usher scaled capital into the impact space, as there were endeavors to fund social entrepreneurs onto a path of growth, yet they were lacking a significant pool of capital to propel them from early growth to a further stage. That was part of the concept. At that point, the largest impact fund stood at about $500 million while the average was about $200 million, but the Rise Fund came in at $2.1 billion, aiming to attract institutional capital. To ensure this, they committed from the get-go to treat the impact aspect as rigorously as the financial aspect. So they envisioned what later became Y Analytics, an organization meant to bolster capital into impact companies by increasing the confidence in their impact. That was the fundamental premise behind our creation. 

And as they came together, it was actually a call from Jerome Vascellaro, a longtime leader at McKinsey who was then the COO at TPG, and someone well known to my mentors, that led to my involvement. That first call was followed by an engrossing weekend brainstorming at the whiteboard about what this endeavor could evolve into. The prospect of being serious and rigorous about impact, coupled with people who could take action immediately, was just so intriguing to me personally. That’s what made me make the leap.

Here’s what I love the most about what we get to do: we get to turn to the vast amount of research that’s out there about what works to help some of these social and environmental ills, and channel that into our investment decisions and actually make a difference. It’s been so fascinating to observe the evolution of evidence-based approaches in different fields, from evidence-based medicine in the 1980s to evidence-based policymaking in the 1990s and early 2000s. Our big innovation, which I just loved so much, is that we started to do evidence-based impact investing at scale. This methodology allows us to tap into the profound knowledge of individuals who are dedicated experts in specific areas of their fields, from soil’s carbon capture potential to the impacts of digital banking on small to medium enterprises in emerging markets. It’d be almost problematic to leave that expertise on the table.

But it’s also about the unique capabilities of our team. Our roster has included nuclear physicists, economists, and others with diverse expertise; we can bridge the chasm between academic insights and investment professionals, translating intricate research into investment strategies. This human capability, which is unique to have nested within a private equity firm context, can help translate academic discourse and parse through the jargon for insights to inform actionable investment decisions. This multidisciplinary approach isn’t just cool, it’s immensely invaluable in driving forward our mission.

Behrman, NationSwell: To which leadership practices do you contribute your efficacy?

Hancock, Y Analytics: It all boils down to striving for authentic action. I think that’s the key. And by the way, we might not hit that mark every day, but that’s certainly our goal. 

There’s only one joke that I’ve ever been able to remember: You’ve got three folks on a deserted island, and there’s a chemist, an engineer, and an economist, and they have one can of beans and they’re trying to figure out how they’re going to open this can of beans. So the chemist says, well, if we heat it to a certain boiling point, it’s going to explode and we can get it open. And the engineer says, if we hit it against this rock just the right way, it’s going to pop open. And the economist says, assume we have a can opener. 

When I used to think about that, I would laugh and say, oh, that’s so silly. We all know someone who made a comment like that, but then as I delved into this work, I actually started to reflect on that. What if we all thought about what would happen if we had the can opener, that we had the tool we actually needed? We’d see the value of getting the can open quickly and safely, of conserving more beans because they didn’t explode, and seeing that value would actually inspire us to build the can opener, to create the tools we need. Even if it’s not perfect, or it’s just a prototype. It’s really helpful to have a working hypothesis.

Behrman, NationSwell: Who or what informs and inspires your leadership?

Hancock, Y Analytics: Ayana Elizabeth Johnson’s work with All We Can Save is astoundingly well-conceived, an incredible set of resources for folks, and I admire the heck out of the entire approach from there. And I know he’s a fellow ESG Next honoree, but George Serafeim’s work with impact-weighted accounts is ground-breaking. It’s one of the closest analogs to what we do at Y Analytics.

Sara Menker of Grow Intelligence is a phenomenal CEO, coming from the commodities trading world, originally from Ethiopia. She has created a data company that really has a finger on the pulse of agriculture, physical climate risks and trends around the world. For example, her data immediately identified the drivers behind the current food crisis. She could see that fertilizer prices were spiking. She could see that crops in parts of Asia were failing because it was too wet. 

And lastly, I admire my colleagues at TPG Rise who are investing for impact with so much integrity and success. 

My favorite book would be “Tattoos on the Heart” by Father Greg Boyle.  From a podcast perspective, Hank Paulson’s “Straight Talk”  is excellent. He hosts some fantastic guests and covers really diverse topics. And then, for the psychology of doing the hard work of good work, I love listening to the storytelling of Dr. Bertice Berry. She’s an author, she’s a speaker, she’s done academic work as well in psychology, and she also does daily digital storytelling.


To learn more about how our ESG Next honorees are shaping business as a force for social and environmental good, visit the series hub. To learn more about NationSwell’s community of our country’s leading social impact and sustainability practitioners, visit our site.

ESG Next: An Interview With Steelcase’s Kim Dabbs

At a moment of unprecedented attention, investment, and opportunity for the emerging field of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), leaders are asking: Who is best preparing their organization for the society of the future? Who is innovating today to meet decades-long environmental and social goals? Who is setting standards that catalyze their industry’s change for the better? Who is defining what bold and aspirational look like — and how best to advance that work in practice?

Enter NationSwell’s ESG Next, an exemplary group of investors, executives, authors, philanthropists, social sector leaders, academics, and field builders who are helping to shape business as a force for social and environmental progress, advancing — and even pioneering — the most forward-thinking and effective programs, initiatives, technologies, methodologies, practices, and approaches.

For this installment, NationSwell interviewed Kim Dabbs, Global Vice President of ESG and Social Innovation at Steelcase and author of the upcoming book, You Belong Here on the importance of building a global learning community, the power of inclusive design, and the importance of centering the wellbeing of your teams and of other leaders.

Greg Behrman, CEO + Founder, NationSwell: Can you tell us about your professional and personal journey to this field?

Kim Dabbs, Global Vice President of ESG and Social Innovation, Steelcase: Belonging has been my North Star in the work that I do, both in the nonprofit sector and the corporate sector. I believe that everyone has a role to play in this, and part of my journey has been trying to figure out what each individual’s role is, and how to build safe spaces where everyone can be seen, heard and valued in the world.

That’s a journey that began in high school. I remember that early on, during the late ’80s and early ’90s, the AIDS crisis was devastating entire communities. I started volunteering with the AIDS Resource Center when I was a teenager, and through that, I discovered the power of collective action in effecting change.

When I was really young, I took a trip with the AIDS Resource Center to see the NAMES Project in Washington, DC. It was the last time the AIDS quilt was displayed in its entirety; it spanned the entire mall, showcasing art being used for activism and the power of collective impact. When people are confronted with issues in ways that they cannot look away from, that’s when real change happens. That experience truly kickstarted my journey.

Following that, I worked extensively in the nonprofit sector, focusing on arts, culture, and creativity, and the significant roles they play in the world. This path led me through endeavors into equity in education, and now into the work I do at Steelcase.

Behrman, NationSwell: How do you make sense of this moment in ESG? What is the potential and the promise, and where are the pitfalls?

Dabbs, Steelcase: We’re seeing before us the promise of collective action. Right now, I genuinely feel that a movement has been built. Everyone wants to make a difference, and how that difference is manifested varies from person to person, depending on the distinct capabilities or resources they bring to the table. But the task at hand is to align everyone towards the same direction. If we can build a global learning community centered around progress, that’s when real action can ensue. We have to approach this through a lens of abundance, not scarcity; through endless possibility, not fear. 

Yet, we all face resistance at some point in this journey. I see criticism as a good thing. I believe it always propels progress forward, and if you have criticism, it usually means you have a diverse range of people and perspectives at the table. But criticism can get unproductive when it comes at the expense of supporting one another. If we can center that support in our collective success when we make our criticism, I believe we can make a substantial difference in our lifetime. 

That’s easier said than done, and it’s important to remember that this is ongoing work. No matter the difference you and I make in our lifetime, there will always be another generation with their own set of challenges, and a generational workload ahead. Keeping this perspective in mind is crucial too.

Behrman, NationSwell: What’s unique about the work you’re leading at Steelcase?

Dabbs, Steelcase: We know that leaders at large organizations grapple with the questions of how to get better at actually sharing insights so what happens in Hong Kong can inform what’s happening in New York, which can in turn inform what’s happening in Mexico. The work that we’re doing here at Steelcase is about building a global learning community, about building the infrastructure for these conversations to happen. We focus on finding ways we can invite more people to the table, and finding more ways we can share insights, thought leadership, and best practices. The lab is really that community where we come together and say, “we’re going to learn from each other and with each other.”

That’s why we launched our Better Futures Community. Both our internal and external partners, as well as our clients and community partners, are involved because no single organization, industry, or sector has all the answers. The more we can come together and understand, the better. 

We do this through our Better Futures Lab, which is really about radically open innovation. We do this through the Better Futures Fund, which supports promising, new ideas in the areas of equity, education, and the environment, hoping to bring them to a point where we can design proof of concept together and then share it and embed it back into people’s value streams. And finally, we have the Better Futures Fellowship, which is an accelerator and incubator for bold new ideas around equity, education, and the environment. The last fellowship we had was around well-being and education, and the one before that focused on equity and education. We cover different topics every year.

A little bit of everyone’s involved in Better Futures at Steelcase: from our clients to nonprofit partners to architecture and design firms. A good example of this is our Better Futures work with G3ict. Together, we worked on understanding what inclusive design means for the world of work. We conducted a study with them last year to really build the blueprint for the inclusive workplaces of the future.

Because of that research, Better Futures helped support our own inclusive design practice here at Steelcase. As a result, we’re joining coalitions like the Valuable 500 to make inclusive design core to our strategy at Steelcase, and core to how we help create workplaces in the world. It’s really about understanding where that shared value lies, and where we have a chance to actually make a difference, impacting not just the lives of our employees, but the lives of all our clients as well when we bring these concepts into action.

We’re in it for the long haul. People talk about long-term value. For us, it’s always about understanding that change won’t be instant. This is long-term iteration, partnering side-by-side to say, “hey, let’s try to move the needle. Some things are going to work, some things aren’t, but we’re really committed to it.” And if we learn things along the way, we have to share it with others to shorten their innovation time concerning what works and what doesn’t. So, we’re constantly publishing, sharing, and using public forums to help people see and understand. 

With the launch of the lab, part of it is understanding that nonprofit organizations are often focused on the local level, which they should be, but they’re not often plugged into that global community. So, we’re trying to figure out how we use our global scale to help them see different perspectives, get to know each other, and understand new approaches.

Behrman, NationSwell: What would be valuable for other leaders in the field to know about what you and your team have learned?

Dabbs, Steelcase: Last year, our community was dealing with the trauma of the police-involved shooting death of Patrick Lyoya. In that moment, the first thing that we did was reach out to our community partners and give wellbeing dollars to the leaders of the organizations that were on the ground doing community response work, because we knew that there was nothing more essential than supporting people on the frontlines. I remember telling them, “You decide how you spend that wellbeing money, just do something to take care of you. Whatever it takes; you get to decide. But just know that we’re here to support you in your journey as a leader and that your wellbeing matters just as much as the people that you’re serving.”

The people on your teams are the people who are in this work, professionally and personally. We’ve learned that wellbeing is critical. How leaders take care of their teams, how leaders take care of other leaders — all of that matters. 

At our team, we start every team meeting with our team norms. And just the repetition of those norms on a weekly basis keeps everyone focused on the same things, helps everyone understand why we’re doing this work. Little rituals like that that are not to be underestimated in this really deep, heavy, forever work.

Behrman, NationSwell: To which of your leadership practices do you attribute your efficacy?

Dabbs, Steelcase: If you’re going to be a leader in this space and be successful in your leadership, you have to be radical and revolutionary. You have to act with bravery. You are delivering hard news to systems that don’t want to change. So in order to do this work, you need to have the resilience to be able to do that. 

We have to challenge the way things are. And if you’re willing to interrogate systems, if you’re willing to act with bravery, if you’re willing to speak truth to power, those are the things that are going to change the world. And those are things that I try to do every single day.

If a table isn’t set for equity and justice, I’m not going to pull up a chair to that table. I’ll build my own. 

Behrman, NationSwell: Who are the fellow leaders who inspire your leadership?

Dabbs, Steelcase: I think everyone’s doing tough work, right? The majority of people that I find incredibly inspiring are the people on the ground doing the work. I used to be a single parent, going to college, working two jobs, living on the streets. I’ve experienced homelessness. And to me, the people that I look at, it’s really, truly the people that I serve. 

When I look at the adversity that people have to overcome with systems that are difficult, those are the people we should really hold up as leaders. So there are people and organizations that obviously are making a difference, whether that be Acumen, Ashoka or others, that are building these powerful, beautiful networks to make impact happen. But at the end of the day, the people that continuously inspire me are the people that have the most to lose.

ESG Next: An Interview With Levi’s Anna Walker

At a moment of unprecedented attention, investment, and opportunity for the emerging field of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), leaders are asking: Who is best preparing their organization for the society of the future? Who is innovating today to meet decades-long environmental and social goals? Who is setting standards that catalyze their industry’s change for the better? Who is defining what bold and aspirational look like — and how best to advance that work in practice?

Enter NationSwell’s ESG Next, an exemplary group of investors, executives, authors, philanthropists, social sector leaders, academics, and field builders who are helping to shape business as a force for social and environmental progress, advancing — and even pioneering — the most forward-thinking and effective programs, initiatives, technologies, methodologies, practices, and approaches.

For this installment, NationSwell interviewed Anna Walker, Vice President of Impact and Issues at Levi Strauss & Co., on the unique strengths of an organization’s employees to inform corporate action, the undersung value of employee resource groups, and why coalition building is as much about the “where” as the “who.”

Greg Behrman, CEO + Founder, NationSwell: Can you tell us about your professional and personal journey to this field?

Anna Walker, Vice President of Impact and Issues, Levi Strauss & Co.: I went to graduate school for international economics with a focus on developing economies because I thought — very idealistically — that my path was leading me to work at a United Nations agency, that I’d make my contribution to the world through my work there. So while I was in graduate school, I got my opportunity to intern with the UN through the High Commissioner for Refugees, and it showed me that UN agencies are, by necessity, large, slow-moving, bureaucratic, and probably not a fit for me and my long-term goals. 

That’s why I made my way to the apparel industry: it aligned perfectly with my interests in development economics, and in helping countries moving up the development ladder, because it’s an industry that countries pursue when they’re moving forward on their economic development trajectory, transitioning from subsistence agriculture to labor-intensive industries. And Levi’s was the perfect fit within the apparel industry because it was so committed to supporting responsible practices in the supply chain and supporting workers there. 

Now, Levi’s is 170 years old this year. For most of its history, it owned its manufacturing. But in the 1980s, it transitioned from owned factories to overseas facilities. Employees asked the company, “How are we going to take care of the workers, and ensure the same level of care that they have as our own employees when the factories are owned by others and we’re just sourcing the production?” Because our employees asked our leadership that question, Levi’s was one of the first organizations to have a code of conduct for a global supply chain. Listening and responding to employee is a big part of Levi’s organizational DNA, and a big part of how I knew I’d found the right organization for me. 

Behrman, NationSwell: How do you define this moment in ESG? 

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: This question is so fresh on my mind because we’ve been analyzing the challenges to ESG and so-called “woke capitalism” following the reaction to Bud Light and Target during Pride month — high profile cases of intense backlash that are such a part of this ESG moment. 

Levi’s is a fairly outspoken progressive company that really believes in using our voice to support the issues that our employees care about and that intersect with our business, and we used the backlash as an inflection point to brief leadership. We told them that we’re very cognizant of this changing environment, we assured them that we’ve taken some time to really stare down how it went for these other companies and why it went the way it did, and informed them of what we were going to do moving forward: remain consistent. Companies stumble when they try to change direction or appease a certain audience in a manner inconsistent with what they’ve said or done in the past. Consistency will be the key: it helps us adhere to what we can control and show up in the places where we can show up authentically.

Another big learning we’ve taken from the moment is that often, if you’ve already been outspoken on something, neutrality or silence isn’t going to be acceptable. Silence can be deafening, and stakeholders have come to count on you to be out there, to be supportive, and to be engaged. And sitting one out can often look like the wrong kind of engagement to them.

Behrman, NationSwell: What’s unique about the work you’re leading at Levi’s?

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: I’m proud to say that through our long history, most of what we’ve been outspoken advocates on and built our social impact programs around — it’s all been rooted in our employees, rooted in what they’ve come to us and said matters to them, because it’s keeping them up at night or because they’re excited to take part in it.  

In the ’80s, we came out in support of employees dealing with HIV/AIDS, even before the disease had a name. We did that because employees came to us concerned about friends and family, and asked the company’s leadership to do something. They’ve held us accountable, and they keep us engaged. Because it’s real for them, it keeps our engagements from being one-and-done; they’re the reason why whatever we do will be far more authentic, genuine, and enduring. 

That’s what happened with our efforts around gun violence prevention. Our employees asked us how we’re going to support a safer America, which sparked us to create a threefold plan: first, we created the Safer Tomorrow Fund to give to organizations addressing community-based violence; second, we advocated to support efforts for common sense gun safety legislation at the federal level; and third, we engaged and informed employees to give them opportunities to volunteer and give, if they were interested.

When we started to build a broad coalition of companies working with us and supporting similar ends, it was slow-going at first. We sent a letter to the House of Representatives supporting the bipartisan background checks bill. And we only had three CEOs on it when we went to the House. But then, come fall of that same year, we had over a hundred CEOs on the letter when it went to the Senate. And last summer, when the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act passed, we had over 300 CEOs on the letter supporting Congressional action.  

We’re really proud to be a first mover, to be a bold mover that leverages its globally recognized brand name to build a big tent and create the safe space for other companies to join us in the advocacy. We’re going to be most effective when we’re using our brand to build coalitions and bring others along. 

Behrman, NationSwell: In the case of gun violence prevention, what helped you build such an effective coalition?

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: It’s all about finding good partners. In the case of gun violence, we worked with Everytown and Giffords, and they’ve been really willing to roll up their sleeves and help to make it happen, to help to build the materials, and to engage and be there as experts when companies have questions. We’re not experts in gun violence prevention the way these groups are, so finding those partners that get the value of bringing the business case to advocacy is key.

As we’ve built coalitions, we’ve learned that it’s not only about who your partner is, but about where your partner is — especially when it comes to congressional advocacy. You know what members of Congress will support a bill, you know who is going to oppose it, and in the middle of all of that is the potential gettables you’ll actually need to make something happen. If you can find the companies that are their constituents in their home states, they’re the best advocates  to those members of Congress to make the case.

Behrman, NationSwell: How does Levi’s decide when to speak out or take action as an organization?

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: Those actions all come to be through different channels. When the Dobbs decision on reproductive rights leaked, we were ready to issue a statement immediately because employees from our women’s Employee Resource Group (ERG), two years before the draft ruling leaked, asked for a meeting with our CEO and sat down with him to have a conversation on the landscape of women’s rights. 

Traditionally, ERGs allow employees from diverse backgrounds to find each other and deepen their bonds to one another, but they’re also an effective tool for surfacing to leadership those early signs of what’s on the horizon, and what your organization can do about it. Because that conversation happened years prior, we’d already had a lot of internal conversations and got our internal policies and programs in place to be able to move quickly. 

Levi’s CEO is Chip Bergh, and we do a monthly “Chip(s) and Beer” that’s sort of an ask me anything-style town hall with the CEO. That’s where a few of our advocacy and philanthropy actions have started from questions and concerns voiced by employees. Not only is it a powerful forum for directly learning what’s on employees’ minds, it helps you to create and maintain a culture of openness. 

Behrman, NationSwell: To which of your leadership practices do you attribute your efficacy?

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: I have a smart, creative team that’s willing to try new things, take risks. I try to be the wind beneath their wings, I try to ask a lot of good questions, poke around corners, and support them to test, scale, and find what works and what fits. I encourage speed and smart risk-taking so that we always have time to course correct if we get it wrong. 

Really good leadership comes from finding really good people who are motivated, care, who are purpose and mission aligned with the organization and have a lot of energy about what they do.

Behrman, NationSwell: Who are the leaders who inspire your leadership?

Walker, Levi Strauss + Co: I’m inspired by Vicki Shabo, Senior Fellow, Better Life Lab, New America. Vicki is always advocating and innovating to make paid family leave universally available. I think of Michael Kobori, Chief Sustainability Officer at Starbucks Coffee Company, because he’s always willing to try new things, and he’s unceasingly supportive of his team. Worked along side him at LS&Co. And Hilary Dessouky, General Counsel at Patagonia, as well as Corley Kenna, Head of Communications and Policy at Patagonia, because they’ve been part of making some of the most sustainable business practices and best policies for Patagonia employees happen, and made sure to share those best practices with the rest of the business community.

The Multigenerational Prevalence of Social Isolation

Key Takeaways

  • Labor market policies and employment practices have historically been designed with prime-aged workers in mind, yet the economic importance of older workers is growing rapidly.
  • Workers aged 55-plus have grown from less than 11 percent of the full-time workforce 30 years ago to nearly 22 percent today.
  • Over one-in-four dollars of labor income in 2022 was earned by a worker age 55 or older, up from less than one-in-eight three decades prior.
  • Going forward, the health and productivity of the American workforce will depend on recognizing the importance of older workers and developing labor policies and employment practices that meet the needs of every generation.

For decades, labor market policies and employment practices have emphasized the “prime working age” population, which includes people aged 25-54. This focus stems from the sheer size of the group, as well as its reliably high labor force participation. In contrast, workers age 55 and older have historically been a much smaller group with lower labor force participation; consequently, their role in the labor market has received comparatively little attention or care. However, rapid demographic change and shifting labor supply decisions have greatly amplified the economic power of older workers and underscored a fundamental truth: Going forward, the health and productivity of the American workforce will depend on recognizing the importance of older workers and developing labor policies and employment practices that meet the needs of every generation.

One reason that the prime-age workers receive so much attention is that they have historically accounted for the vast majority of full-time employment, making them the primary source of labor income, consumer spending, income taxes, and other critical economic contributions. On the other hand, fewer than one-in-nine full-time workers were 55 or older only 30 years ago. However, the U.S. population has aged significantly since then and people are increasingly choosing to work later in life. The net effect of these changes is that individuals age 55 and older now account for nearly 22 percent of full-time workers, up from 10.5 percent in June 1993. This dramatic increase is mostly due to the growing role of workers aged 60-plus, whose representation in the full-time workforce grew from less than five percent in June 1993 to 12.3 percent in June 2023.

As people aged 55-plus have established stronger ties to the labor force, their role in earning income has grown correspondingly. The figure below illustrates this by comparing the distribution of labor income across age groups in 1994 and 2022.1 In the former year, workers under age 55 controlled nearly 88 percent of labor income, with over two-thirds of that share accruing to workers age 30-49. By 2022, the fraction of labor income earned by those aged 55-plus had skyrocketed from 12.1 percent to nearly 27 percent. This shift has had far reaching implications, including a greater reliance on older workers for consumer spending and tax revenue at every level of government.

Awareness about the growing role of older workers is rising quickly. For example, a pandemic-driven decline in labor supply among people age 65 and over created significant gaps in the labor market and forced employers to recognize the central role that older workers play in supporting their operations. Lessons such as these have highlighted a tremendous opportunity to develop labor policies and employment practices that support an increasingly age-diverse workforce. AARP has been at the forefront of innovation in this area for many years. Recent examples include our ongoing Living, Learning, and Earning Longer initiative, our work on the business case for healthy longevity, and our extensive Longevity Economy® research. These and other efforts promote an environment in which workers of all ages are empowered to pursue employment goals that match their unique needs, resulting in economic gains benefiting every generation.


  1.  This income data comes from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), which is administered as part of the March Current Population Survey (CPS). In these data, reported labor income reflects total wage and salary income earned during the prior calendar year. ↩︎